Translation and Meaning of: と - to

The Japanese word と [to] is one of the most fundamental and frequently used particles in the language. If you are learning Japanese, you have certainly come across it in basic sentences or even in more complex dialogues. In this article, we will explore its meaning, common uses, and how it fits into the grammatical structure of Japanese. Moreover, we will look at some curiosities about how this small particle can completely change the meaning of a sentence.

If you have already used the Suki Nihongo dictionary, you know that it is a great tool for understanding words and particles like と. Here, we go beyond simple translation and dive into the details that make this particle so essential for communication in Japan. Shall we begin?

The basic meaning and usage of と

The particle と has as its main function to indicate companionship or connection between elements. In English, it can be translated as "and" or "with," depending on the context. For example, in the phrase "りんごとバナナ" (ringo to banana), it means "apple and banana," joining the two items in a list.

Another common use is to express joint action, as in "友達と映画を見た" (tomodachi to eiga o mita), which means "I watched a movie with a friend." Note how と establishes a relationship between the mentioned people or objects, creating a clear connection in the sentence.

The origin and evolution of と

Linguistic studies indicate that と comes from ancient Japanese, where it already served similar functions to the current ones. Unlike many particles that have undergone significant changes over the centuries, と has maintained its form and basic use practically unchanged since the Heian period (794-1185).

Interestingly, research shows that と is one of the oldest particles still in continuous use in modern Japanese. Its simplicity and versatility explain why it has stood the test of time, appearing even in some of Japan's oldest texts.

Tips for using と correctly

A common confusion among students is when to use と instead of other particles like や (ya) or に (ni). Remember: と indicates a complete list or a specific joint action, while や suggests an incomplete list. For example, "本とノート" (hon to nōto) specifically means "book and notebook," without other implied items.

To better memorize, try to associate と with the symbol of a link or chain, as it always connects elements in a direct and explicit way. Another tip is to pay attention to dialogues in anime or Japanese dramas, where と appears frequently in everyday conversations.

Vocabulary

Expand your vocabulary with related words:

Synonyms and similar words

• 無論 (muron) - Without a doubt
• 当然 (touzen) - Naturally; Of course
• なんといっても (nanto ittemo) - In any case; Above all
• そうだろう (sou darou) - That's not how it is, right?
• そうに決まっている (sou ni kimatteru) - Sure it is like that.
• そうだと思う (sou da to omou) - I think it's like this.
• そう思う (sou omou) - I think like this
• そうでしょう (sou deshou) - Isn't it true?
• そうですね (sou desu ne) - This is true, isn’t it?
• そうだね (sou da ne) - That's right, isn't it?
• そうだよね (sou da yo ne) - That's right, isn't it?
• そうだよな (sou da yo na) - That's right, isn't it?
• そうだな (sou da na) - Yes, that's right
• そうかな (sou kana) - Is it like this?
• そうだろうか (sou darou ka) - Is it like this?
• そうだとすれば (sou da to sureba) - If that's the case
• そうだとしたら (sou da to shitara) - If this is true
• そうなら (sou nara) - If that's the case
• そうならば (sou naraba) - If that's the case
• そういうことだ (sou iu koto da) - That's how it is
• そういうことになる (sou iu koto ni naru) - It will reach that point.
• そういうことになっている (sou iu koto ni natteiru) - It is defined like this
• そういうことになった (sou iu koto ni natta) - This happened
• そういうことになると (sou iu koto ni naru to) - If this happens
• そういうことになると思う (sou iu koto ni naru to omou) - I think it's going to be like this.

と

Romaji: to
Kana: と
Type: noun
L: jlpt-n5

Translation / Meaning: 1. if (conjunction); 2. Promoted pawn (shogi) (ABBR)

Meaning in English: 1. if (conjunction); 2. promoted pawn (shogi) (abbr)

Definition: "To" is a conjunction that expresses a connection between sentences or words.

Example Sentences - (と) to

See below some example sentences:

官庁は政府の中枢機関です。

Kanchō wa seifu no chūsō kikan desu

The government is a central government agency.

• 官庁 - government agency
• は - Topic particle
• 政府 - government
• の - Possession particle
• 中枢機関 - central body
• です - verb to be in the polite form

数学は私の得意科目です。

Sūgaku wa watashi no tokui kamoku desu

Mathematics is my favorite subject.

Mathematics is my specialty.

• 数学 (sūgaku) - Math
• は (wa) - Topic particle
• 私 (watashi) - I
• の (no) - Possessive particle
• 得意 (tokui) - Skill, specialty
• 科目 (kamoku) - discipline, subject
• です (desu) - Verb to be

暴力は決して正当化されるべきではありません。

Bouryoku wa kesshite seitouka sareru beki de wa arimasen

A violência nunca deve ser justificada.

Violence should never be justified.

• 暴力 - violence
• は - Topic particle
• 決して - never, in any way
• 正当化 - justification, legitimation
• される - passive form of the verb "to do"
• べき - it should
• ではありません - formal denial of the polite form of "being"

私の境遇は良くないです。

Watashi no kyōguu wa yokunai desu

My situation is not good.

• 私 - The personal pronoun that means "I" in Japanese.
• の - particle that indicates possession or belonging
• 境遇 - Noun meaning "situation" or "condition" in Japanese.
• は - Particle indicating the topic of the sentence
• 良くない - adjective meaning "bad" or "not good" in Japanese
• です - linking verb that indicates formality and courtesy in the Japanese language

私たちは共働き家庭です。

Watashitachi wa kyoudouki katei desu

We are a double -income family.

We are a family of double workers.

• 私たちは - 「私たち」
• 共働き - "Working together" or "double job" in Japanese, referring to a couple who both work outside the home
• 家庭 - "Family" in Japanese
• です - "It is" in Japanese, indicating that the sentence is a statement

私たちは推測に基づいて決定を下す必要があります。

Watashitachi wa suisoku ni motozuite kettei o kudasai hitsuyō ga arimasu

We need to make decisions based on assumptions.

We need to make a decision based on hunch.

• 私たちは - We
• 推測に基づいて - based on assumptions
• 決定を下す - making a decision
• 必要があります - Is required

私たちは常に顧客の要望に応えるよう努めています。

Watashitachi wa tsuneni kokyaku no yōbō ni kotaeru yō tsutomete imasu

We are always striving to meet our customers' demands.

We always strive to respond to customer needs.

• 私たちは - We
• 常に - Always
• 顧客 - Clients
• の - in
• 要望 - Orders
• に - For
• 応える - Attend
• よう - For
• 努めています - We're making an effort

統治は国家の安定に不可欠な要素です。

Touji wa kokka no antei ni fukaketsu na youso desu

Government is an essential element for the stability of the nation.

• 統治 - governance
• 国家 - nation-state
• 安定 - stability
• 不可欠 - indispensable
• 要素 - element

返答をお待ちしております。

Hentou wo omachi shiteorimasu

I am waiting for your answer.

We are looking forward to your answer.

• 返答 - means "response" in Japanese.
• を - It is a particle of the object in Japanese, indicating that "response" is the object of the sentence.
• お待ちしております - it is a polite expression in Japanese that means "I am waiting."