Translation and Meaning of: と - to

The Japanese word と [to] is one of the most fundamental and frequently used particles in the language. If you are learning Japanese, you have certainly come across it in basic sentences or even in more complex dialogues. In this article, we will explore its meaning, common uses, and how it fits into the grammatical structure of Japanese. Moreover, we will look at some curiosities about how this small particle can completely change the meaning of a sentence.

If you have already used the Suki Nihongo dictionary, you know that it is a great tool for understanding words and particles like と. Here, we go beyond simple translation and dive into the details that make this particle so essential for communication in Japan. Shall we begin?

The basic meaning and usage of と

The particle と has as its main function to indicate companionship or connection between elements. In English, it can be translated as "and" or "with," depending on the context. For example, in the phrase "りんごとバナナ" (ringo to banana), it means "apple and banana," joining the two items in a list.

Another common use is to express joint action, as in "友達と映画を見た" (tomodachi to eiga o mita), which means "I watched a movie with a friend." Note how と establishes a relationship between the mentioned people or objects, creating a clear connection in the sentence.

The origin and evolution of と

Linguistic studies indicate that と comes from ancient Japanese, where it already served similar functions to the current ones. Unlike many particles that have undergone significant changes over the centuries, と has maintained its form and basic use practically unchanged since the Heian period (794-1185).

Interestingly, research shows that と is one of the oldest particles still in continuous use in modern Japanese. Its simplicity and versatility explain why it has stood the test of time, appearing even in some of Japan's oldest texts.

Tips for using と correctly

A common confusion among students is when to use と instead of other particles like や (ya) or に (ni). Remember: と indicates a complete list or a specific joint action, while や suggests an incomplete list. For example, "本とノート" (hon to nōto) specifically means "book and notebook," without other implied items.

To better memorize, try to associate と with the symbol of a link or chain, as it always connects elements in a direct and explicit way. Another tip is to pay attention to dialogues in anime or Japanese dramas, where と appears frequently in everyday conversations.

Vocabulary

Expand your vocabulary with related words:

Synonyms and similar words

• 無論 (muron) - Without a doubt
• 当然 (touzen) - Naturally; Of course
• なんといっても (nanto ittemo) - In any case; Above all
• そうだろう (sou darou) - That's not how it is, right?
• そうに決まっている (sou ni kimatteru) - Sure it is like that.
• そうだと思う (sou da to omou) - I think it's like this.
• そう思う (sou omou) - I think like this
• そうでしょう (sou deshou) - Isn't it true?
• そうですね (sou desu ne) - This is true, isn’t it?
• そうだね (sou da ne) - That's right, isn't it?
• そうだよね (sou da yo ne) - That's right, isn't it?
• そうだよな (sou da yo na) - That's right, isn't it?
• そうだな (sou da na) - Yes, that's right
• そうかな (sou kana) - Is it like this?
• そうだろうか (sou darou ka) - Is it like this?
• そうだとすれば (sou da to sureba) - If that's the case
• そうだとしたら (sou da to shitara) - If this is true
• そうなら (sou nara) - If that's the case
• そうならば (sou naraba) - If that's the case
• そういうことだ (sou iu koto da) - That's how it is
• そういうことになる (sou iu koto ni naru) - It will reach that point.
• そういうことになっている (sou iu koto ni natteiru) - It is defined like this
• そういうことになった (sou iu koto ni natta) - This happened
• そういうことになると (sou iu koto ni naru to) - If this happens
• そういうことになると思う (sou iu koto ni naru to omou) - I think it's going to be like this.

と

Romaji: to
Kana: と
Type: noun
L: jlpt-n5

Translation / Meaning: 1. if (conjunction); 2. Promoted pawn (shogi) (ABBR)

Meaning in English: 1. if (conjunction); 2. promoted pawn (shogi) (abbr)

Definition: "To" is a conjunction that expresses a connection between sentences or words.

Example Sentences - (と) to

See below some example sentences:

私の従兄弟はとても親切です。

Watashi no itoko wa totemo shinsetsu desu

My cousin is very kind.

• 私 - personal pronoun that means "I"
• の - particle that indicates possession or belonging
• 従兄弟 - noun that means "first cousin"
• は - Particle indicating the topic of the sentence
• とても - adverb meaning "very"
• 親切 - adjective that means "kind" or "gentle"
• です - verb to be in the present affirmative

私の知人はとても親切です。

Watashi no chijin wa totemo shinsetsu desu

My acquaintance is very kind.

• 私 - personal pronoun that means "I"
• の - particle that indicates possession or belonging
• 知人 - noun that means "acquaintance" or "friend"
• は - particle that indicates the topic of the sentence
• とても - adverb meaning "very"
• 親切 - adjective that means "kind" or "gentle"
• です - verb that indicates the current state or action, in this case, "is"

私の孫はとても可愛いです。

Watashi no mago wa totemo kawaii desu

My grandson is very cute.

• 私 - personal pronoun that means "I"
• の - particle that indicates possession, equivalent to "of"
• 孫 - noun that means "grandson"
• は - particle that indicates the topic of the sentence, equivalent to "about"
• とても - adverb meaning "very"
• 可愛い - adjective meaning "cute" or "pretty"
• です - verb that indicates the polite and courteous form of affirming, equivalent to "is"

私の同級生はとても親切です。

Watashi no doukyuusei wa totemo shinsetsu desu

My classmates are very kind.

• 私 - personal pronoun that means "I"
• の - particle that indicates possession, equivalent to "of"
• 同級生 - noun that means "classmate"
• は - particle that indicates the topic of the sentence, equivalent to "about"
• とても - adverb meaning "very"
• 親切 - adjective that means "kind, gentle"
• です - verb "to be" in the present, equivalent to "is"

私の上着はとても暖かいです。

Watashi no uwagi wa totemo atatakai desu

My jacket is very hot.

• 私 - personal pronoun that means "I"
• の - particle that indicates possession, equivalent to "of"
• 上着 - noun that means "coat"
• は - particle that indicates the topic of the sentence, equivalent to "about"
• とても - adverb meaning "very"
• 暖かい - adjective that means "hot"
• です - verb that indicates the polite and respectful form of the present, equivalent to "is/are"

私の祖母はとても優しい人です。

Watashi no sobo wa totemo yasashii hito desu

My grandmother is a very kind person.

• 私 - personal pronoun that means "I"
• の - particle that indicates possession, equivalent to "of"
• 祖母 - "Grandfather"
• は - particle that indicates the topic of the sentence, equivalent to "about"
• とても - adverb meaning "very"
• 優しい - adjective meaning "kind"
• 人 - noun that means "person"
• です - verb that indicates the state or action, equivalent to "to be" or "to stay"

私の父親はとても優しい人です。

Watashi no chichioya wa totemo yasashii hito desu

My father is a very kind person.

• 私 - personal pronoun that means "I"
• の - particle that indicates possession, equivalent to "of"
• 父親 - noun that means "father"
• は - particle that indicates the topic of the sentence, equivalent to "about"
• とても - adverb meaning "very"
• 優しい - adjective meaning "kind"
• 人 - noun that means "person"
• です - verb that indicates the state or condition, equivalent to "is"

私の家主はとても親切です。

Watashi no kashu wa totemo shinsetsu desu

My owner is very kind.

• 私 - personal pronoun that means "I"
• の - particle that indicates possession, in this case, "mine"
• 家主 - noun that means "homeowner"
• は - particle that indicates the topic of the sentence, in this case, "the homeowner"
• とても - adverb meaning "very"
• 親切 - adjective meaning "kind"
• です - verb that indicates "to be", in this case, "is"

私は来週のコンサートに出演します。

Watashi wa raishuu no konsaato ni shutsuen shimasu

I will perform at the concert next week.

I will appear at next week's show.

• 私 - personal pronoun that means "I"
• は - topic particle that indicates the subject of the sentence
• 来週 - noun meaning "next week"
• の - possession particle indicating that "next week" belongs to the sentence
• コンサート - noun meaning "concert"
• に - destination particle that indicates that the subject is heading to the "concert"
• 出演 - verb meaning "to introduce oneself" or "to participate in an event"
• します - auxiliary verb that indicates future action, equivalent to "I'm going to introduce myself" or "I'm going to participate"

私は彼を放すことができなかった。

Watashi wa kare wo hanasu koto ga dekinakatta

I couldn't let him go.

I couldn't free him.

• 私 - personal pronoun that means "I"
• は - topic particle that indicates the topic of the sentence
• 彼 - personal pronoun meaning "he"
• を - direct object particle that indicates the target of the action
• 放す - verb that means "to release," "to let go," "to set free"
• こと - noun that indicates an action or event
• が - subject particle that indicates who performs the action
• できなかった - verb in the negative past form that means "it was not possible"