Translation and Meaning of: 慎む - tsutsushimu

The Japanese word 慎む [つつしむ] carries a profound and culturally relevant meaning, often challenging for language students. In this article, we will explore its meaning, origin, and usage in everyday Japanese, as well as memorization tips based on reliable sources. If you seek to understand how this word is perceived in Japan or how to apply it in real contexts, this guide from Suki Nihongo — the best online Japanese dictionary — will help.

Meaning and translation of 慎む

慎む [つつしむ] can be translated as "to be cautious," "to act with moderation," or "to avoid excesses." Unlike simple synonyms like "to control oneself," this word implies a sense of conscious self-restraint, almost solemn. It is often used in situations that require respect or discretion, such as in ceremonies or formal interactions.

In practical contexts, 慎む appears in phrases like 言葉を慎む (kotoba o tsutsushimu), which means "to choose one's words carefully". This nuance of prudence is essential for understanding why the Japanese place such high value on its use in hierarchical professional and social environments.

Origin and components of kanji

The kanji 慎 is composed of two meaningful elements: the radical 心 (kokoro), which represents "heart" or "mind," and 眞 (shin), which used to suggest "truth" or "seriousness." Together, they convey the idea of "keeping the heart in a state of alertness." Sources like Kanjipedia and 漢字源 confirm this historical interpretation.

Interestingly, 慎む does not have a direct Chinese origin. It emerged during the Heian period (794-1185) as a purely Japanese verb (yamato kotoba), later acquiring the kanji 慎 due to its conceptual similarity. This linguistic evolution reflects ancient Japanese values of modesty and social harmony.

Cultural usage and frequency in Japan

In contemporary Japan, 慎む is less common in casual conversations and more present in public speeches, official notices, or literature. For example, after natural disasters, authorities may ask the population to 外出を慎む (gaishutsu o tsutsushimu) — "avoid unnecessary outings". This usage reinforces its tone of collective responsibility.

Japanese students should note that 慎む is not interchangeable with words like 控える (hikaeru), which indicates restraint without the same moral weight. A common mistake is to use it in light contexts, such as "avoiding dessert." The word requires a setting where there are social or ethical consequences.

Tips for memorizing 慎む

An effective technique is to associate the kanji 慎 with situations that require seriousness, such as funerals or work meetings. Studies in second language acquisition show that linking vocabulary to emotional contexts increases retention in 40%. Another tip is to create flashcards with the phrase 感情を慎む (kanjō o tsutsushimu — "to contain emotions"), common in historical dramas.

To avoid confusion, remember that 慎む is rarely used in the imperative. Saying "慎みなさい!" would sound disproportionate, almost like a religious reprimand. Instead, the Japanese prefer indirect structures, like ～した方がいい (shita hō ga ii — "it would be better...").

Vocabulary

Expand your vocabulary with related words:

Verb conjugation of 慎む

• 慎む Base form
• 慎まない Negative
• 慎んだ Simple past
• 慎もう future
• 慎みます polite gift

Synonyms and similar words

• 慎重にする (Shinchou ni suru) - Act with caution, take care.
• 注意する (Chuu suru) - Pay attention, be careful with something.
• 謹む (Tsutsushimu) - Show respect, act with reverence.
• 慎み深くする (Tsutsumi fukaku suru) - Act with discretion and respect, on a profound level.
• 慎む (Tsutsushimu) - Abstain, avoid excess, maintain modesty.

慎む

Romaji: tsutsushimu
Kana: つつしむ
Type: verb
L: jlpt-n1

Translation / Meaning: beware; be chaste or discreet; refrain

Meaning in English: to be careful;to be chaste or discreet;to abstain or refrain

Definition: Be careful and cautious with your actions and words.

Example Sentences - (慎む) tsutsushimu

See below some example sentences:

慎むことは美徳です。

Tsutsushimu koto wa bitoku desu

Being careful is a virtue.

It is a virtue to stop.

• 慎む - Verb that means "to be careful" or "to be cautious".
• こと - noun that means "thing" or "subject".
• は - Article indicating the topic of the sentence, in this case "be careful".
• 美徳 - Noun that means "virtue" or "merit".
• です - Verb that indicates the polite and formal form of "to be" or "to stay".